In the course of writing “Dark Spectrum Part II” for the current ISCC issue, Carl Jennings asked me for comments. In response, I began to think about the optics of Newton’s vs. Goethe’s experiment. My thought process changed through the dialogue, especially as it related to Figure 3 of Carl’s essay. This Hue Angles summarizes the essentials of our email discussion, which seems to reveal some heretofore unremarked differences between the experiments of Newton and Goethe.
I started off with the idea that Newton’s prism experiment passes collimated (uni-directional) light from the Sun through a hole in a light-blocking shade (like a window shade), and through a prism. The prism disperses the sunlight into a spectrum according to the various refrangibilities of the wavelength components of the light. Then, in one version of the experiment, the dispersed spectrum hits a screen, and is reflected as a multicolored pattern to the observer. Collimation is necessary because light from two directions incident on the same point will provide different banding, and the bands from multiple directions will superimpose to wash out the pattern. I was convinced that collimation, being essential to Newton’s experiment, also figured in Goethe’s experiment. The only difference, I thought, was that Newton looked at a narrow beam through a hole or slit, and Goethe looked at a broad beam with narrow blocking elements that would cast shadows the prism would refract differently according to wavelength. Accordingly, I reacted as follows to Carl’s Figure 3 and its caption (see below for figure):
Mike: The caption of Figure 3 states: “A pair of scissors against a bright white winter sky in Munich, through two prisms simultaneously. (Source: author).” A bright white winter sky is about as non-collimated as you can get, and on the face of it this seems incompatible with the color bands in Figure 3. The only way to assure collimation is to position the prisms on the light path that includes the scissors and the eye. In that case, if the distance between the prisms is long enough, only light going nearly parallel in one direction through the first prism will intercept the second prism and hence get to the camera.
Carl: You discuss the color bands in the scissor image (Fig.3) as being incompatible with non-collimated light - but that is exactly the point - it happens when it shouldn't! None of the banding should happen, collimated or non-collimated, but the fact is it is there and is easily observable. Both prisms used in the photo were between the camera and the scissors, so no light was collimated. I found that two prisms made the banding more distinct, though it is observable with one, if you use a good prism.
Mike: I now think the paradox of color-banding with light from a white winter sky is not a paradox after all. Newton needed collimated light because Newton’s prism images the spectrum directly on a screen. In Goethe’s geometry, there is another element that must be in the optical train: a lens. A lens provides a point-to-point transfer from an object to an image (in respective object and image planes), whether or not the light is diffuse. The plane of Goethe’s shadowing components was the object plane, the lens was in his eye, and the image plane was his retina (or a tangent plane thereof). In your scissors example, the lens was that of the camera. Of course, the eye’s lens is implicit in all these demonstrations, but it is physically essential in Goethe’s experiment in which the eye looks directly at the diffuse light through the prism(s). Newton’s experiment does not have the eye looking directly at the light through the prism, and no lenses are needed between the slit and the screen, so collimation of the spectrum-separated light is essential.
In other words, a lens (be it eye or camera) is essential for the diffuse white sky light to show bands when it passes the scissors (which should be in the object plane of the camera lens). That role of the lens is essential to Goethe’s experiment. A lens is also part of Newton’s experiment because Newton used his eye to see the card-reflected spectrum, but the lens plays a different role here. It is a subtle point but should be understood.
Incidentally, Figure 3 suggests to me that, although a diffuse white sky exists in front of the camera, there must be very little light from behind the camera or there would be a white desaturating reflection from the front surface of the scissors.
The discreteness you have noted of the band colors---as opposed to their presence at all---is still a perceptual effect, as you have said before. I have no further thoughts on this matter now.
Carl: That is very interesting - I have never come across a description of boundary colors (even colorimetric ones, as in Koenderink or Bouma) that discuss the role of the lens. This is certainly a key feature to Goethe's phenomenological approach, but as far as I can tell does not exist in the literature.
One more question. Would sunlight passing through a hole in a window shade be already collimated? I ask because in Newton's own diagram of his experiment you can see that he has placed a lens in front of the prism, presumably to collimate the light.
Mike: Good question. The Sun is very far away (93 million miles), but it has a diameter of 0.864 million miles, which causes the Sun to subtend about half a degree of visual angle. The Sun’s rays depart from collimation by as much as ¼ degree. Collimation is almost—but not quite—completed without the lens, and Newton obviously sought to do better.
Michael H. Brill
Datacolor
Figure 3. A pair of
scissors against a bright white winter sky in Munich, photographed through two
prisms simultaneously. (Reproduced with permission from Carl Jennings)
